| Peer-Reviewed

Effect of Quartz Particle Size on Sintering Behavior and Flexural Strength of Porcelain Tiles Made from Raw Materials in Uganda

Received: 18 January 2019     Accepted: 22 February 2019     Published: 18 March 2019
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

The presence of quartz particle size (> 45 µm) has a deleterious effect on physio-mechanical properties of porcelain tiles. The effect is due to various factors including microstructure (pore) after sintering. This study aims at investigating the effect of quartz particle size (QPS) on sintering behavior and flexural strength of porcelain tiles made from raw materials in Uganda. Samples containing fine, medium and coarse QPS were pressed at 40 MPa, fired from 1150-1350°C at a firing rate of 60°C/min, and soaked for 1 hour. The influence of QPS on linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength was determined. Microstructure analysis of the fired samples was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and phase identification was studies using x-ray diffraction. The SEM showed large-interconnected pores for coarse QPS, and smaller-isolated pores for fine QPS. At optimum sintering temperature, samples with fine, medium and coarse QPS had values of 0.47, 0.9 and 7.1% water absorption respectively. Pressed tiles with ≤5% water absorption are classified as group BIa(porcelain tiles) and those > 0.5-≤3% as group BIb suitable as floor or wall tiles (ISO 13006). Also, the average flexural strength of 33, 18 and 8 MPa was exhibited by samples with fine, medium and coarse QPS respectively. The results indicate that only samples with fine and medium QPS satisfy the requirement ≥ 35±2 MPa and > 12 MPa for floor and wall tiles respectively (ISO 13006).

Published in Advances in Materials (Volume 8, Issue 1)
DOI 10.11648/j.am.20190801.15
Page(s) 33-40
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Quartz, Porcelain, Sintering, Flexural Strength

References
[1] J. Martín-Márquez, J. M. Rincón, and M. Romero, “Effect of firing temperature on sintering of porcelain stoneware tiles,” Ceram. Int., vol. 34, 2008, pp. 1867–1873.
[2] V. Sanz, A. Moreno, and E. Sa, “Porcelain tile : Almost 30 years of steady scientific-technological evolution,”Ceram. Int.,vol. 36, 2010, pp. 831–845.
[3] O. Turkmen, A. Kucuk, and S. Akpinar, “Effect of wollastonite addition on sintering of hard porcelain,” Ceram. Int., vol. 41, 2015, pp. 5505–5512.
[4] O. R. Njindam, D. Njoya, J. R. Mache, M. Mouafon, A. Messan, and D. Njopwouo, “Effect of glass powder on the technological properties and microstructure of clay mixture for porcelain stoneware tiles manufacture,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 170, 2018, pp. 512–519.
[5] M. F. Abadir, E. H. Sallam, and I. M. Bakr, “Preparation of porcelain tiles from Egyptian raw materials,” Ceram. Int., vol. 28, 2002,, pp. 303–310.
[6] K. Dana, S. Das, and S. K. Das, “Effect of substitution of fly ash for quartz in triaxial kaolin-quartz-feldspar system,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 24, 2004, pp. 3169–3175.
[7] W. M. Cam and U. Senapati, “Porcelain-Raw Materials, Processing, Phase Evolution, and Mechanical Behavior,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 81, 1998, pp 3-20.
[8] Y. Kobayashi, O. Ohira, Y. Ohashi, and E. Kato, “Effect of Firing Temperature on Bending Strength of Porcelains for Tableware,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 75, 1992, pp. 1801–1806.
[9] L. Boussouf, F. Zehani, Y. Khenioui, and N. Boutaoui, “Effect of Amount and Size of Quartz on Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Electrical Porcelain,” Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc., vol. 77, 2018, pp. 132–137, 2018.
[10] G. Stathis, A. Ekonomakou, C. J. Stournaras, and C. Ftikos, “Effect of firing conditions, filler grain size and quartz content on bending strength and physical properties of sanitaryware porcelain,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 24, 2004, pp. 2357–2366.
[11] O. I. Ece and Z. E. Nakagawa, “Bending strength of porcelains,” Ceram. Int., vol. 28, 2002, pp. 131–140.
[12] S. I. WARSHAW and R. SEIDER, “Comparison of Strength of Triaxial Porcelains Containing Alumina and Silica,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 50, 1967, pp. 337–343.
[13] P. W. Olupot, S. Jonsson, and J. K. Byaruhanga, “Development and characterisation of triaxial electrical porcelains from Ugandan ceramic minerals,” Ceram. Int., vol. 36, 2010, pp. 1455–1461.
[14] O. S. Mahdi, “Study the Influence of Sintering on the Properties of Porcelain Stoneware Tiles,” vol. 13, 2018, pp. 3248–3254.
[15] V. G. Lee and T. H. Yeh, “Sintering effects on the development of mechanical properties of fired clay ceramics,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 485, 2008, pp. 5–13.
[16] J. L. Amorós, M. J. Orts, S. Mestre, J. Garcia-Ten, and C. Feliu, “Porous single-fired wall tile bodies: Influence of quartz particle size on tile properties,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 30, 2010, pp. 17–28.
[17] Y. Iqbal and W. E. Lee, “Microstructural evolution in triaxial porcelain.,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.vol. 27, 2000, pp. 3121–3127.
[18] S. Kitouni and A. Harabi, “Sintering and mechanical properties of porcelains prepared from algerian raw materials,” Cerâmica, vol. 57, 2011, pp. 453–460.
[19] A. Salem, S. H. Jazayeri, E. Rastelli, and G. Timellini, “Thermochimica Acta Kinetic model for isothermal sintering of porcelain stoneware body in presence of nepheline syenite,” Thermochim. Acta, vol. 503–504, 2010. pp. 1–7.
[20] G. P. Souza, P. F. Messer, and W. E. Lee, “Effect of varying quartz particle size and firing atmosphere on densification of Brazilian clay-based stoneware,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 89,2006, pp. 1993–2002.
[21] S. R. Bragança and C. P. Bergmann, “Effect of Quartz of Fine Particle Size on Porcelain Properties,” Mater. Sci. Forum, vol. 530–531, 2006, pp. 493–498.
[22] M. Romero and J. M. Pérez, “Relation between the microstructure and technological properties of porcelain stoneware . A review,” Mater. construcción, vol. 65, 2015, pp. 1–19.
[23] G. Gralik,L. Chinelatto,S. Chinelatto, and P. Grossa, “Effect of different sources of alumina on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the triaxial porcelain "Ceramica, vol. 60., 2014, pp 471–481.
[24] M. F. Quereda and M. J. Ib, “Porcelain tile microstructure : implications for polishability,”J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. vol. 26, 2006, pp. 1035–1042.
[25] F. Güngör and N. Ay, “The effect of particle size of body components on the processing parameters of semi transparent porcelain,” Ceram. Int., vol. 44, 2018, pp. 10611–10620.
[26] T. K. Mukhopadhyay, S. Ghosh, S. Ghatak, and H. S. Maiti, “Effect of pyrophyllite on vitrification and on physical properties of triaxial porcelain,” Ceram. Int., vol. 32, 2006, pp. 871–876.
[27] W. Lerdprom, R. K. Chinnam, D. D. Jayaseelan, and W. E. Lee, “Porcelain production by direct sintering,” J.Eur. Ceram. Soc., vol. 36, 2016, pp. 4319–4325.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    William Ochen, Florence Mutonyi D’ujanga, Bosco Oruru. (2019). Effect of Quartz Particle Size on Sintering Behavior and Flexural Strength of Porcelain Tiles Made from Raw Materials in Uganda. Advances in Materials, 8(1), 33-40. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20190801.15

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    William Ochen; Florence Mutonyi D’ujanga; Bosco Oruru. Effect of Quartz Particle Size on Sintering Behavior and Flexural Strength of Porcelain Tiles Made from Raw Materials in Uganda. Adv. Mater. 2019, 8(1), 33-40. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20190801.15

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    William Ochen, Florence Mutonyi D’ujanga, Bosco Oruru. Effect of Quartz Particle Size on Sintering Behavior and Flexural Strength of Porcelain Tiles Made from Raw Materials in Uganda. Adv Mater. 2019;8(1):33-40. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20190801.15

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.am.20190801.15,
      author = {William Ochen and Florence Mutonyi D’ujanga and Bosco Oruru},
      title = {Effect of Quartz Particle Size on Sintering Behavior and Flexural Strength of Porcelain Tiles Made from Raw Materials in Uganda},
      journal = {Advances in Materials},
      volume = {8},
      number = {1},
      pages = {33-40},
      doi = {10.11648/j.am.20190801.15},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20190801.15},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.20190801.15},
      abstract = {The presence of quartz particle size (> 45 µm) has a deleterious effect on physio-mechanical properties of porcelain tiles. The effect is due to various factors including microstructure (pore) after sintering. This study aims at investigating the effect of quartz particle size (QPS) on sintering behavior and flexural strength of porcelain tiles made from raw materials in Uganda. Samples containing fine, medium and coarse QPS were pressed at 40 MPa, fired from 1150-1350°C at a firing rate of 60°C/min, and soaked for 1 hour. The influence of QPS on linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength was determined. Microstructure analysis of the fired samples was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and phase identification was studies using x-ray diffraction. The SEM showed large-interconnected pores for coarse QPS, and smaller-isolated pores for fine QPS. At optimum sintering temperature, samples with fine, medium and coarse QPS had values of 0.47, 0.9 and 7.1% water absorption respectively. Pressed tiles with ≤5% water absorption are classified as group BIa(porcelain tiles) and those > 0.5-≤3% as group BIb suitable as floor or wall tiles (ISO 13006). Also, the average flexural strength of 33, 18 and 8 MPa was exhibited by samples with fine, medium and coarse QPS respectively. The results indicate that only samples with fine and medium QPS satisfy the requirement ≥ 35±2 MPa and > 12 MPa for floor and wall tiles respectively (ISO 13006).},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Effect of Quartz Particle Size on Sintering Behavior and Flexural Strength of Porcelain Tiles Made from Raw Materials in Uganda
    AU  - William Ochen
    AU  - Florence Mutonyi D’ujanga
    AU  - Bosco Oruru
    Y1  - 2019/03/18
    PY  - 2019
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20190801.15
    DO  - 10.11648/j.am.20190801.15
    T2  - Advances in Materials
    JF  - Advances in Materials
    JO  - Advances in Materials
    SP  - 33
    EP  - 40
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2327-252X
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20190801.15
    AB  - The presence of quartz particle size (> 45 µm) has a deleterious effect on physio-mechanical properties of porcelain tiles. The effect is due to various factors including microstructure (pore) after sintering. This study aims at investigating the effect of quartz particle size (QPS) on sintering behavior and flexural strength of porcelain tiles made from raw materials in Uganda. Samples containing fine, medium and coarse QPS were pressed at 40 MPa, fired from 1150-1350°C at a firing rate of 60°C/min, and soaked for 1 hour. The influence of QPS on linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength was determined. Microstructure analysis of the fired samples was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and phase identification was studies using x-ray diffraction. The SEM showed large-interconnected pores for coarse QPS, and smaller-isolated pores for fine QPS. At optimum sintering temperature, samples with fine, medium and coarse QPS had values of 0.47, 0.9 and 7.1% water absorption respectively. Pressed tiles with ≤5% water absorption are classified as group BIa(porcelain tiles) and those > 0.5-≤3% as group BIb suitable as floor or wall tiles (ISO 13006). Also, the average flexural strength of 33, 18 and 8 MPa was exhibited by samples with fine, medium and coarse QPS respectively. The results indicate that only samples with fine and medium QPS satisfy the requirement ≥ 35±2 MPa and > 12 MPa for floor and wall tiles respectively (ISO 13006).
    VL  - 8
    IS  - 1
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • Department of Physics, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda

  • Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

  • Department of Physics, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

  • Sections